Literary review, leadership project third part Coursework

Literary review, leadership project third part - Coursework Example In most cases, it has been established that this lack of adequate supervised practice is caused by many factors, but some of them include inadequate staff for supervision and lack of enough facilities. When handling students with disabilities in learning and reading, only being aware of the strategies required to apply is not enough. The most important thing to do for these children is to provide an intensive and systematic practice in how the strategies should be applied to the learning activities of the children. To achieve this, there should be adequate support from teachers, peers and parents. However, in the inclusive classroom, the most important person to implement this issue is the teacher. When the teachers are very few, or when they are not properly trained, they might not be able to implement these strategies effectively. Inclusive classroom is regarded as a teacher-led classroom where intense and thorough supervision should be provided to the students with learning disabilities. Collaborative strategies should, therefore, exist between teachers with special training to handle special students with disabilities and teachers trained to handle normal classes (Conti-DAntonio, Marcia, Bertrando, Robert, & Eisenberger, 1998). The same collaboration should be extended to the parents since they also contribute a larger part in influencing the learning behaviors of their children with disabilities. It is not just enough to beef-up staff in the inclusive classroom to deliver the services required, however, it is necessary to realize that the staff handling the students are well trained to deliver the services in a better way (Bauer & Shea, 1999). For instance, various teaching strategies should be applied when teaching various subjects. Students with disabilities in learning may experience some difficulties in computational and basic counting skills. This means that they may have

Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Bibliography - Essay Example The approach is described in non-technical terms for risk communicators to help them serve the public in making informed decisions. The author follows the evolution of the research on risk communication over the years, the mistakes made and the lessons learnt. This essay provides a brief history of risk communication organized around certain developmental stages, with each stage characterized by a focal communication strategy. The essay, however, has not provided comprehensive illustrations or examples. Communication is like an insurance policy in that it is a fixed cost that can keep a larger damage at bay. Receiving relevant information on environment and health risks and on the safety of modern technologies is a very important need of modern man, but he seldom receives it. The authors, making use of case studies, give an overview of the critical role of risk management in dealing with public controversies and an insight into the risk communication practices and malpractices. The book leaves scope for the concerned authorities to devise ways to check the malpractices and inadequacies in risk communication. The failure of institutions in adequately communicating about risks result in inadequate management of risks leading to heavy financial loss. The study examines a very important and subtle aspect of risk communication, which is trust and credibility. ... Peters, R. G., Covello, V. T., McCallum, D. B. (1997). The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: An empirical study. Risk Analysis 17(1). Retreived October 20, 2008, from http://www.centerforriskcommunication.org/pubs/crc-p2.pdf The study examines a very important and subtle aspect of risk communication, which is trust and credibility. An important hypothesis tested in this study regarding perceptions and determinants of trust and credibility is that they are dependent on three factors, namely perceptions of knowledge and expertise, perceptions of openness and honesty, and perceptions of concern and care. The responses to surveys are mostly in the predictable lines in that they mostly reflect general perceptions. A significant finding is that defying a negative stereotype leads to improved perceptions of trust and credibility. O'Connor, A.M., Legare, F., & Stacey, D. (2003). Risk communication in practice: the contribution of decision aids. BMJ 327(7417) 736-740. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7417.736. The authors examine the effectiveness of the communication of risks, benefits and options by clinicians in helping patients make an informed decision regarding their healthcare. Different decisions require different strategies for communication. Effective services are those in which benefits/harm ratio is large, and those in which the ratios are uncertain are preference sensitive services. The article does not explain how to equip the support service system to handle the diverse plans of diverse patients. The goal of decision-making is to choose options that are most beneficial and the least harmful. Decision support should take into account a patient's personal values, resources and determination. Croyle, R.T. & Lerman, C. (1999).

Transition in Adolescent Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transition in Adolescent Development - Essay Example Many researchers have undoubtedly identified the decisive role of parents in moulding the character of their children during this transitional period. When a child is moving from primary to secondary, this is quite sure that he/she is subjected to various kinds of transitions that may affect him/her all through the life time. Therefore, regarding the parents and the teachers, they should be very vigilant and attentive in observing the transitions occurring to the children, and as such, the study of transition in adolescent development and schooling deserves greater significance. In order to examine adolescence in media, the paper seeks to gather material from Karen Thomas’ online article entitled: 12-14 Year-Olds: Transition in Adolescent Development & Schooling, published on Dec 1, 2010. The article selected for the study clearly evaluates certain aspects concerning the parental role in assuring healthy lifestyles to children. When analysing the article selected for the study , one can see that the writer was actually focusing on the transitions of the children aged in between 12-14; kids moving from primary to secondary school. Though the article was actually aimed at parents of this age group, anyone would get valuable details regarding this topic. The author has arranged this topic under various headings to help support his study.

How the external environment shapes the organization ( BOSTON PIZZA) Essay

How the external environment shapes the organization ( BOSTON PIZZA) - Essay Example Boston Pizza has a strong brand positioning and is the first chain of restaurants to offer fat-free menu items (Henry 234). The restaurants have huge televisions and spacious parking areas thus appealing to the middle income consumers. The external business environment shapes the operations of Boston Pizza and the strategic choices of the management. The external environment is beyond the control of the management and strategic choices must be made to adapt to the fast changing external environment in order for the restaurant chain to attain competitive edge in the market (Henry 172). The external business environment consists of the political environment, economic environment, social-cultural environment, technological environment, legal environment and ecological environment. PESTLE (political, economic, social-cultural, technological, legal and ecological) environment analysis tool will be useful in analysing and understanding how the external business environment shapes Boston Pizza. The political environment entails the political stability, the trade restrictions and attitudes of governments towards businesses, pressure groups, conflicts, and wars. The current political environment in Canada, United States and Mexico is stable, but there are different pressure groups such as anti-obesity campaigners that have been advocating for health eating habits (Henry 78). The Canadian government has implemented several measures that aim at protecting consumer interests and welfare in order to safeguard the health of the population. In this case, Boston Pizza must implement health-conscious menus in order to attract higher number of customers and adapt to the changing political environment (Kachru 84). The restaurant chain is capable of expanding to cities that have political stability and minimal pressure group influences. However, the government may

Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Knowledge - Essay Example As one of those perennial topics, a team of philosophers decided to name the study of knowledge an epistemology. The word epistemology comes from two Greek words episteme (episthmh) meaning knowledge and logos (logo V) meaning reason. Others, philosophers nowadays would assign this subject as of fundamental importance; however, the subject about knowledge remains an essential part of philosophy (1997). Knowledge started way back, during the civilization period. By civilization, I refer to the many centuries back where humans managed the environmental change. For example there was the Egyptians in Mesopotamia, who discovered that with the possession of water(Nile) and their very fertile land, they could actually practiced farming and feed themselves and as well as making a living. From that, it is clear that knowledge infact is a tool to the ‘subject’ of change as opposed to the ‘object’ of change. You will notice that as time passed, the Egyptians transforme d from farming to other form of activities such as architecture, pottery, animal domestication, writing and so on. The ancient humans continued to discover rapidly other fronts after the set up of infrastructure which was brought about by the early activities. People did not stop discovering new ways of living despite the hardships, from architecture and agriculture to religion and politics, animal domestication to economic set-up. There are two types of knowledge; Knowledge by Representation and Knowledge by Acquaintance. Knowledge by Representation basically refers to the way in which a human being expresses himself. This is normally done through aspects of communication like language speaking or gestures. Through representation, knowledge is fundamentally used as a surrogate. This is for example when someone finds an entity to determine the consequences of something by just thinking about it unlike acting on it. It is more of a belief condition. You will find out that, a person c an claim to be rich one day but he does not even have a job yet being unemployed cannot stop him from proclaiming those words. In other words, on the subject of knowledge, dreams are part of representation. So many people out there would want to have something, some other want it so badly that they go to an extent of making it aloud. This is referred as belief. Regardless of the many difficulties experienced, you will get a person still having the same beliefs in making it in life. Off course everybody wants the best and will do anything to get there. This shows that regardless of the much opposition one might face, he or she continues to have a belief that he will make it. Knowledge by Acquaintance can be described as a direct relation without interference between a person and an existing thing. This is referred to as justification. For example, a person may be acquainted with a color or the texture of a table before him but this does not stop him or her from eating or leaning on i t. This shows that human beings can be acquainted with something immediately without even knowing the real truth behind it. We must concede that words can have different meanings, and that each of the different meanings may be legitimate. For example, one might say, â€Å"It is better to be red than dead.† Here, â€Å"red† obviously does not refer to a particular color in a scheme of colors, but is intended to convey notions of communism (1955).It would be improper to say that â€Å"red† cannot be used in such a way. Faith provides for a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual belief rather than proof. This then leads to our next question as to whether we should continue inventing new knowledge or we

Health Care Spending in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Care Spending in the US - Essay Example In 2012, the government assigned $3 trillion to health care. This was an increase from 2011 spending of $2.8 trillion. Researchers have used this to project a 4% growth rate in the national spending on health in the subsequent years. The rate of growth of national health spending in 2011 was 3.9% as compared to 3.7% growth in 2010. As a percentage of the nation’s gross domestic product, health care spending indicated a fairly stable 17.9 index between 2009 and 2011 (Peden, 2012). Looking at the nation’s spending on health care in 2011 by service, hospital care took $850.6 billion which was a 4.3% growth rate, and this was a drop from 4.9% rate in 2010. The slow growth was attributed to both the drop in price and use of hospital service experienced that year. Allocation to physician and clinical service in 2011 amounted to $541.4 billion which was a 4.3% growth as compared to the 3.1% 2010 growth. This change may have emanated from the increase in the use of services in 2011 despite the slowed growth in prices experienced the same year. Private health insurance and Medicare spent more in 2011 than in the previous year. Other professional services received $73.2 billion in 2011 that was a 4.9% growth rate over the expenditure for the same the preceding year. The national government in 2011 assigned $108.4 billion to dental services indicating a 3.0% growth over the previous year’s 2.7% growth. The spending for other health, residential and personal care services in 2011 came to $133.1 billion reaching a 4.0% growth as compared to 4.5% growth in 2010. Nursing care facilities and continuing care retirement communities stood at $149.3 billion in 2011 indicating a 4.4% growth over the previous year’s 3.2% growth (Jonas et. al., 2013). Homecare health care spending was $74.3 billion in 2011 indicating a 4.5% growth lower than 2010’s 5.8% growth. This slow growth was as a result of a fall in Medicare and Medicaid spending that year. T he national government allocated $263.0 billion to prescription drugs in 2011which translated to a 2.9% growth over the previous year’s 0.4% growth. This increase was due to an increase in the price of prescription drugs and additional spending on the new brand of drugs (Barr, 2011). Medical equipment received $38.9 billion which was a 5.3% growth in 2011 relative to 5.8% growth in 2010. Non-durable medical products were assigned $47.0 billion in 2011 which maintained the 2010 4.0% growth rate. Major sources of finance for heal care spending have been consistent. In 2011, Medicaid gave $407.7 recording a 2.5% growth relative to 5.9% growth in 2010. Medicaid registered 3.2% enrollment in 2011 which was a drop from 2010’s 4.9% enrollment (Jonas et. al., 2013). There was a decrease in federal Medicaid to 7.1% in 2011 while the state Medicaid expenditures increased to 22.2% owing to the lapse of the aid accorded states by the federal government that year. The OOP (Out-of-p ocket) spending was $307.7 billion in 2011 indicating a 2.8% increase from 2010’s 2.1% growth. Medicare accounted for 21% of the nation’s total spending on health in 2011. That year, it contributed $554.3 billion an outstanding growth to 6.2% as compared to 4.3% growth in 2010. This increase in growth was as a result of the fast growth in expenditure on nursing facilities and physician services and an accompanying

Scientology Definition Essay Example for Free

Scientology Definition Essay Scientology by many people is viewed as a cult and has no religious backing but according to Faith, Religion Theology (FRT) a religion constitutes as people (being able) to recognize that what matters most in life is or includes a level of reality that transcends, or goes beyond, what normally understands as human or finite meaning an ultimate mystery or Divine (Knitter 166). FRT also states that religion deals with ethical reasons how to behave and beliefs along with a creed, code, and ceremonies (Knitter 163). So according to FRT scientology would be a religion because it does believe in the higher being that is talked about in the first quote. Scientology also has a set ethical code that determines how people should behave inside their religion. The question that comes from this is where does Scientology get their creed, code, and ceremonies? Scientology began in the 1950s based on the findings of L. Ron Hubbard. Hubbard is known as the father of Scientology (Church). A formed the religion of Scientology after studying the human mind and life known as Dianectics (Church). So as Hubbards research expanded, so did the ideas of Scientology until it incorporated all the ideas from all of Hubbards publications. All this being said their creed, also written by Hubbard, is like most creeds a basis of what everyone in the religion believes in. Hubbard also wrote the 4 codes that Scientology is based around; The Auditors code, The Code of Scientology, The Code of Honor, and a code called The Way of Happiness. All of these codes play a key role in the scientologists life and what they believe in (Church). They believe in a God but they leave the image of God to the individuals. That leaves the ceremonies performed in Scientology. They perform a lot of ceremonies common to Christianity such as weddings, Sunday services, naming services, counseling, and funeral services Although they have the same ceremonies they are viewed in different perspectives because they have different beliefs than any other religion. With this different view they still show the connection between their ceremonies and their beliefs. This is apparent throughout what they do during their services and the layout of the church and chapel. Sundays services are headed by a minister whose main job is auditing or tutoring, because services are not a main focus of the religion, although they are offered (Beliefnet). The service is more a meeting place to get everyone on the same page and let people know they have fellow people on this journey with them. Most Scientologist still attend these services because it is another chance to take a step towards the eighth dynamic, which is the ultimate goal of scientology, and will be explained in a later paragraph. The service starts with the Creed of the Church of Scientology, Sermon, L. Ron Hubbard Lecture, group auditing, Announcements, and ends with the Prayer for Total Freedom. The opening of the service is an obvious showing of the overlapping of creed and ceremony (Church). It is difficult to tell when the sermon ends and the lecture begins since they usually have the same idea and lesson. They usually have the same idea and lesson. The goal of these lessons is for the people to take them and apply them to the real life situations. They believe that helping others is the only way to improve their lives. Next is the group auditing, considered the most important part of the service, which is led by the minister (Church). The minister also gives a few instructions to help the listener free themselves from the material world and make them more spiritually aware and open to improving their life. The announcements are the next part of mass and this is a chance for the minister to let followers know what is going on around the community. This plays into the role of scientologists always wanting to better mankind. Finally service closes with the Pray for Total Freedom. In this prayer the people ask the author of the universe to make their goals possible and to help all those that are in need (Church). After attending these two ceremonies I realized I still did not understand Scientologys view on God. This is when I met the man who would answer that and so much more. Ajax approached me after service and told me he would explain Scientology to me. He started with the layout of the chapel. From the doorway it looked like a normal worship room, but once inside there are posters going the distance of the room showing different aspects of the church. I will try and explain as well as Ajax explained to me. He started with the creed of Scientology. Ajax explained that you have to look deeper than the creed he then continued to talk about how this creed is more as a guide for you to find your own God as you want to picture him, but none of us can picture him until we have reached infinity (Ajax). I hope this confuses you as much as it confused me. He then had me watch a video on the eight dynamics which showed the different dynamics that humans have to go through before finding God. The seven dynamics go as follow: self, creativity, group survival, species, life forms, physical universe, and spiritual dynamic. A man has to reach the perfection of the first 6 dynamics before finishing the 7th. They say this because you have to have respect for everything in your life before you can be spiritually strong. Once the 7th dynamic is fulfilled only then will the eight dynamic appear to man. This dynamic is known as God or the creator by most religions, but the correct term for Scientology is infinity (Scientology). According to Hubbard Infinity is the allness of all (Church). This is where ones true vision of God will show itself and until then no one knows what their God truly looks like. This is why Scientology does not push one Dogma onto their followers (Scientology). Ajax proceeded to give me specifics on how other aspects of scientology works; such as auditing and classes. After the tour was over, I asked him What makes Scientology the right path to finding God and how does the services help this process of finding our God? Ajax took a deep breath and then proceeded to give me the following response Well, Seth have you ever had a doubt in your religion? I already know the answer it is yes, you know why I know this? because most religions are based on faith. Scientology is not like that. It is based on proven facts. I can tell you how people are going to act to certain events just because of who they are and how they carry themselves. The reason I know these is Scientology. This carries over to God. I came to America from Pakistan for college. I was brought up as a Muslim and firmly believed in Allah which I still do but I was brought into this religion and it just made sense to me, as it should for you too. I just view Allah in a different view now as being infinity and something I cannot picture till I fulfill everything else. I started studying Scientology, yes studying because Scientology does what a religion should be about, which is doing not believing which is how most religions are based on. So by doing these things we find ourselves and by doing that we find God. So that is what makes Scientology the right choice over other religions (Ajax) this round about answer was the thing that made everything about this religion finally click. The idea is that they believe in a God, but it is different for every follower since this belief system is their idea of the way of reaching Nirvana, Heaven, or in their case Infinity (Beliefnet). The best way to put it is how it is put on their offical website which says Scientology is not a dogmatic religion in which one is asked to accept anything on faith alone. On the contrary, one discovers for oneself that the principles of Scientology are true by applying its principles and observing or experiencing the results (Church). Scientology bases everything on experiences and through my experience there I learned that Scientology is a whole new idea that seems like a far cry from a religion, but after experiencing all that, I can see why people put everything they want into Scientology. Do I buy into it? Some things yes, but not the whole religion, although it helped me find more concrete reasons why I believe in my own religion. Work CIted Ajax. Tour of the Church. Personal interview. 28 Oct. 2012. Ajax gave me a in-depth tour of every aspect of the church and everything they do and through this tour I learned more than i could have ever imagined about Scientology. Beliefnet. What Do Scientologists Believe? Beliefnet.com. What Do Scientologists Believe? Beliefnet.com. Beliefnet, 01 Oct. 2011. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Scientology/What-Do-Scientologists-Believe.aspx. This website shows a general outline of what people who follow Scientology believe. It also describes how their religion works and in little detail how the world works through their eyes. The author is not told but their intended audience is someone who is curious about Scientology and they do a great job of making it simple and easy to understand for someone who is just starting to look into it. Church of Scientology International. Church of Scientology: Religion Beliefs-What Is Scientology?, L. Ron Hubbard. Church of Scientology: Religion Beliefs-What Is Scientology?, L. Ron Hubbard, News. Church of Scientology International, 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. http://www.scientology.org/. This is the offical website for Scientology. It is very detailed in every aspect of the religion that is Scientology. Everything from who created Scientology to beliefs and practices. It also gives examples of multiple places of worship. The website was made by the international Scientology organization. Their goal of this page is to inform people on what they are doing at churches and how they work and how people in this religion are. Besides the obvious talking up of the religion the site seems very accurate and reliable. Knitter, Paul, and William Madges. Chapter Six Religion: What Is It? Faith, Religion Theology. By Brennan R. Hill. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications, 1997. 161-90. Print. This chapter focuses on what a religion is and what makes up a religion. It bases it on the knowing of something that is farther than humans. Then explains that code, creed, and ceremony is basis of behavior and beliefs. This source is targeted for students and is very reliable since it is used in a college course. Scienctology. Prod. OrgSync. Church of Scientology, 2010. DVD. Ajax gave me 8 hours of supplemental videos that went into farther depth of each of the topics he explained to me. Everything from their service projects to the 8 dynamics.